3D scanning is the process of analysing a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and appearance. The collected data is then used to construct digital 3D models using 3D modelling software. Any object, or even a human, can be scanned and reproduced as a model in a 3D environment. A variety of 3D scanners are used to create the scan data of the objects. 

Three-dimensional (3D) models represent a physical body using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. These can be created using the 3D scanned data of an object or by the artistic experience of a 3D modeller. A 3D model is the physical representation of an object in 3D space. 

3D printing can refer to a variety of processes in which material is deposited or joined under computer control to create a three-dimensional object, using material such as plastics, liquids, or powder grains being fused together layer by layer. A 3D printer is used for this, and they construct a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model.

The 3D printed object is taken to the foundry where its negative impression is taken in a mould. The empty space left in the mould is filled by casting a hot metal of preference into it. If the 3D model is made of a fine plastic, then it can be left in the mould as the heat of the pouring metal will melt and drain it away. The cast object is later cooled and finished.